GINA SOLOMON
is a senior scientist at NRDC and an associate clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco where she is also the director of the occupational and environmental medicine residency program and the associate director of the UCSF pediatric environmental health specialty unit. Her work has included over 40 scientific papers, book chapters and reports on air pollution, pesticides and other environmental and occupational threats to reproductive health and child development. Gina serves on the EPA science advisory board drinking water committee, as well as on the California scientific guidance panel for biomonitoring. She has previously served on a committee of the National Academy of Sciences on toxicity testing, an EPA scientific committee on endocrine disrupting chemicals and on the California expert working group on environmental health tracking. Gina is co-author of the award-winning book, Generations at Risk: Reproductive Health and the Environment. She received her medical degree from Yale University and did her postgraduate training in internal medicine, public health and occupational and environmental medicine at Harvard.
Press contact:
singre@nrdc.org
 415-875-6100   

Gina from Christi Kuhn on Vimeo.

Email: info@harteresearchinstitute.org    

Dr. Sylvia Earle, Chair HRI Advisory Board – Founded and served as an executive and for four years the President of Deep Ocean Technology and Deep Ocean Engineering, companies that designed, built and operated equipment for scientific research and for inspection, maintenance and repair of offshore oil and gas facilities including the submersible systems, Deep Rover and Deep Rover II and more than 400 remotely operated systems. Sylvia worked with Swedish company, Asea, and US companies including Oceaneering, Can-Dive and Cal-Dive on design and production of subsea robots and sensory manipulator systems for oil field maintenance, inspection and repair and related systems for NASA and 11 navies.    

As Chief Scientist of NOAA, Sylvia was closely involved with Exxon Valdez spill response and environmental impacts and the Persian Gulf oil releases. She inspected burning oil fields and, with NOAA and US Navy officials, observed and documented the extent of the spill along the coast of Saudi Arabia. Sylvia led three NOAA follow-up visits with oil-spill experts, including diving at Abu-Ali and offshore islands to evaluate extent and impact of the spill with local scientists. With scientific experts and NOAA personnel, she planned and executed the 100 day NOAA Mt. Mitchell expedition to the Persian Gulf to survey the region from Oman to Kuwait with scientists from 15 countries, including all of the Persian Gulf nations except Iraq.    

From 1995 -2006, Sylvia served on the Board of Directors of Oyrx Energy (3 years), Dresser Industries (4 years) and Kerr-McGee Corporation (6 years) and traveled around the world to inspect oil and gas production facilities and activities. Sylvia led (1999 to 2003) National Geographic-NOAA-Goldman Foundation sponsored Sustainable Seas Expeditions, an unprecedented private-government-industry partnership to explore the coastal waters of the United States with emphasis on marine sanctuaries using ROV’s and the submersibles, Deep Rover and Deep Worker. The greatest focus during the five year program was on the Gulf of Mexico, including reefs along the coast of Mexico and Belize.    

Dr. Larry McKinney, Executive Director – has worked on numerous research projects related to coastal and offshore petroleum issues since the late 1970′s, much of which was focused on brine disposal issues and led the strategic petroleum reserve biological assessment program from 1980 to 1986. The project included sites in Texas and Louisiana coastal waters. Larry helped establish the Natural Resource Assessment Program in Texas and was the Texas Parks and Wildlife designated trustee until he retired from the agency in 2008. He established and led the TPWD oil spill response program and responded to all major spills in Texas waters through 2000. He chaired the EPA Gulf of Mexico Science Advisory Committee in the late 90′s and led EPA’s Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Task force: Status and Research Needs for Bioremediation and Dispersant Methodologies, and Other Issues Related to Oil Spills (1992). He has served on the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Committee on Offshore Energy Development and as a member of the Department of Energy Federal Advisory Committee – Ultra-Deepwater Exploration (2007).    

Dr. Wes Tunnell, Associate Director – helped develop the National Spill Control School oil spill training program (mid 1970s) and taught the environmental impacts of oil spills for 20 years in that program; studied the environmental impacts of the Ixtoc I oil spill on Texas Gulf beaches and Mexico coral reefs (1979-80); studied the impact of deballasting of supertankers on beach, coral reef, and benthic environments in the Persian Gulf (1979); trained Ministry of the Environment personnel in Kuwait regarding oil spill impacts; studied the impact of Berge Banker oil spill on Padre Island National Seashore (early 1990s); and, studied the impact of burning as a clean-up method for the Exxon Pipeline oil spill in a high marsh near Copano Bay (early to mid 1990s, five year study).    

Dr. Jim Gibeaut, Endowed Chair for Geospatial Sciences -is a coastal geologist with experience in mapping, monitoring, and studying oiled shoreline sediments. During the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS), he consulted for the State of Alaska and NOAA as a field team leader assessing shoreline oiling conditions and establishing monitoring sites. From 1990 to 1991, he was Chief of Science and Data Management in the EVOS center of the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and served as a state representative on the Federal Technical Advisory Group, which advised the Federal On-Scene Coordinator on matters concerning survey and cleanup techniques. Jim returned to Alaska to conduct repeat measurements of EVOS monitoring sites in 1993, 1995, and 2001. During the fall of 2002, he was a field team leader in Saudi Arabia mapping oiled sediment left from the Gulf War Oil Spill of 1990. Currently, he is updating shoreline types for Environmental Sensitivity Index maps of the Texas coast. These maps are used for oil spill response planning.    

Dr. Richard McLaughlin, Endowed Chair Marine Policy and Law – has written and lectured extensively on the legal and policy implications associated with hydrocarbon development in the deepwater boundary regions of the Gulf of Mexico; served as organizer and panelist at several international conferences on the topic of improving U.S./Mexico cooperation in commercializing and managing deepwater hydrocarbon resources in the Gulf of Mexico; advised PEMEX on legal matters relating to transboundary hydrocarbon resources; and as a law school professor for over 15 years incorporated oil spill response and liability curricular materials into a variety of courses including Admiralty Law, Ocean and Coastal Law, Environmental Law, International Environmental Law, and Property Law.    

Dr. Paul Montagna, Endowed Chair for Ecosystem Studies – has broad experience on assessing biological and ecological effects of offshore oil and gas exploration and production on continental shelves and the deep-sea, having worked in the Alaska, California, and Gulf of Mexico Minerals Management Service (MMS) planning areas, and in oil fields off West Africa and Western Pacific. Dr. Montagna has worked on MMS-sponsored programs since 1975 in the Beaufort Sea (AK), Santa Barbara Channel (CA), Santa Maria Basin (CA), Gulf of Mexico, and in nation-wide assessments. He has performed studies in oil seeps, chemosynthetic habitats, hard-bank reefs, frontier areas, and production areas on the topics of benthic ecology (for both macrofauna and meiofauna communities), genetic structure, population biology, reproduction and settling dynamics, trophic dynamics, food webs, productivity, microbial activity, toxicity, chemical-biological interactions, modeling, statistics and experimental design. He has been an invited speaker at many MMS-sponsored meetings.    

Dr. Thomas Shirley, Endowed Chair for Biodiversity and Conservation – has published numerous scientific publications and reports on his research for NOAA on the effects of oil on the energetics and physiology of crabs and shrimps. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill, he continued research on oil effects on marine benthos and forage species in Prince William Sound for 10 years post spill. He conducted bioassays on oil dispersants as part of his doctoral fellowship from the Petroleum Refiners Environmental Council of Louisiana (PRECOL) at LSU. Tom financed his undergraduate degree by working on oil rigs during holidays, and spent summers in an oil refinery.    

Dr. Greg Stunz, Endowed Chair for Fisheries and Ocean Health  – Greg is a marine ecologist with expertise in fisheries ecology and particularly how marine habitats support sustainable populations. He focuses on where the fish are, how they interact with their habitats, and the vital role of the estuaries and near-shore waters. Healthy oceans are critical for human health, and he brings an understanding of the consequences of natural and man-made behaviors to these vital resources. Dr. Stunz conducts extensive field research from apex predators to tiny crustaceans, and his research provides an objective foundation to build sound policy. He is actively sought out to address governmental, academic, and private sector groups on topics ranging from projections of fishery population recovery to the future of sport-fishing in the Gulf of Mexico.    

Dr. David Yoskowitz, Endowed Chair for Socio-Economics – David is an economist specializing in identification and valuation of ecosystem services in the coastal zone. He leads the Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Collaboratory and is actively involved with the Gulf of Mexico Alliance activities. His group is developing the Ecosystem Services Valuation Database – Gulf of Mexico and techniques to transfer values from study sites to policy sites. He is also a lead in a number of workshops around the Gulf region focused on moving ecosystem services from practice to policy.    

FSU Dept. of Oceanography
imacdonald@fsu.edu
117 N. Woodward Ave.
P.O. Box 3064320
Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320    

(850) 644-6700
fax: (850) 644-2581    

“I am an oceanographer of deep-ocean extreme communities.  The physical settings include natural hydrocarbon seeps, gas hydrates, and mud volcano systems.  In my project work, I use satellite remote sensing to locate natural oil releases on the ocean surface.  Specialty cameras provide high resolution and time-series imaging of seep fauna and processes at the ocean floor.  GIS techniques are used for assessing biological communities and geologic features with submersibles and towed cameras.”    

Publications:    

Brüning, M., H. Sahling, I.R. MacDonald, F. Ding and G. Bohrmann (2010). Origin, distribution, and alteration of asphalts at Chapopote Knoll, Southern Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27:1093-1106. (Click)    

Garcia-Pineda, O., Zimmer, B., Howard, M., Pichel, W., and Li, X., MacDonald, I.R., (2009), Using SAR images to delineate ocean oil slicks with a texture classifying neural network algorithm (TCNNA): Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35(5):1-11. (Click)    

MacDonald, I.R., B.A. Bluhm, K. Iken, S. Gagaev and S. Strong. 2010. Benthic macrofauna and megafauna assemblages in the Arctic deep-sea Canada Basin. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57: 136-152. (Click)    

Solomon, E. A., M. Kastner, I.R. MacDonald (2009). Considerable methane fluxes to the atmosphere from hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Nature Geoscience 2(8): 561-565. (Click)    

MacDonald, I.R., M.B. Peccini (2009) Distinct activity phases during the recent geologic history of a Gulf of Mexico mud volcano. Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology 26(9): 1824-1830 (Click)    

Joye, S.B. Samarkin V.A., Orcutt, B.N., MacDonald, I.R., Hinrichs, K-U. Elvert, M., Teske, A.P., Lloyd, K.G., Montoya, J.P. , Miele, C.D. (2009) Methane and sulfur dynamics in seafloor brines – surprising metabolic variability in an extreme habitat. Nature Geosciences 2(8), 349-354 (Click)    

Peccini, M.B. and MacDonald, I.R. (2008) Correspondence of sea fan orientation with measured currents on hard bottom habitats of the Mississippi/Alabama continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 28(2): 302-308 (Click)    

Vardaro, M., I. R. MacDonald, . L. C. Bender and N. L. Guinasso Jr. (2005). Dynamic biological and physical processes observed at a gas hydrate outcropping on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Geo-Marine Letters. DOI10.1007/s00367-005-0010-2 (Click)    

Hovland, M., I.R. MacDonald, . H. Ruesltten, H.K. Johnsen, C. Mortera, and T. Naehr (2005). The Chapopote asphalt volcano may have been generated by supercritical water. EOS 86(42):397,402 (Click)    

MacDonald IR, . Bender LC, Vardaro M, Bernard B, Brooks JR. 2005. Thermal and Visual Time-Series at a Seafloor Gas Hydrate Deposit on the Gulf of Mexico Slope. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233:45-59. (Click)    

MacDonald, I. R., . G. Bohrmann, E. Escobar, F. Abegg, P. Blanchon, V. Blinova, W. Breckmann, M. Drews, A. Eisenhauer, X. Han, K. Heeschen, F. Meier, C. Mortera, T. Naehr, B. Orcutt, B. Bernard, J. Brooks and M. de Farag. 2004. Asphpalt volcanism and chemosynthetic life, Campeche Knolls, Gulf of Mexico. Science 304:999-1002. (Click)    

MacDonald, I.R., . Sager, W.W., and Peccini, M.B., 2003, Association of Gas Hydrate and Chemosynthetic Fauna in Mounded Bathymetry at Mid-Slope Hydrocarbon Seeps: Northern Gulf of Mexico: Marine Geology, v. 198, p. 133-158. (Click)    

De Beukelaer, S.M., MacDonald, I.R., . Guinnasso, N.L., and Murray, J.A., 2003, Distinct side-scan sonar, RADARSAT SAR, and acoustic profiler signatures of gas and oil seeps on the Gulf of Mexico slope: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 23, p. 177-186. (Click)    

Nikolaus, R., Ammerman, J.W., and MacDonald, I.R., . 2003, Distinct pigmentation and trophic modes in Beggiatoa from hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico: Aquatic Microbial Ecology, v. 32, p. 85-93. (Click)    

MacDonald IR, . Leifer I, Sassen R, Stine P, Mitchell R, Guinasso Jr. N. 2002. Transfer of hydrocarbons from natural seeps to the water column and atmosphere. Geofluids 2:95-107. (Click)    

MacDonald IR, . Tunnicliffe V, Southward ECdBM. 2002. Sperm Transfer in the Vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae Jones: An event observed at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43((3-4)):395-398. (Click)
    

Dr. James Giordano
Dr. James Giordano is Samueli-Rockefeller Professor of Medicine and Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC. and is a Senior Fellow of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (VA), where he serves as Director for the Center for Neurotechnology Studies; he is a Fellow in Philosophical Psychology at Blackfriar’s Hall, University of Oxford, UK; Visiting Professor of Neurophilosophy and Neuroethics at Rheinische Universität, Bonn, Germany, and American Academy of Pain Medicine National Visiting Professor in Pain Medicine and Ethics at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX. 

Dr. Giordano was quoted in the Sun Herald, of Biloxi, Gulf Port and South Mississippi, June 16, 2010 as saying:

“There is overwhelming evidence that many of the compounds found in crude oil are dangerous,” said James Giordano, director of the Center for Neurotechnology Studies at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies in Arlington, Va.” 

Although this quote of information is rather small, we do consider Dr. Giordano and  important resource for those working on neurological toxic disorders as a result of petroleum oil.

Reference:
Sun Herald.com – Biloxi-Gulf Port and South Mississippi (June 16, 2010) Health effects of gulf spill elusive. Retrieved June 16, 2010 from:  http://www.sunherald.com/2010/06/16/2265336/health-effects-of-gulf-oil-spill.html#ixzz0r7gQiX8S

Christopher M. Reddy, Ph.D.,
Associate Scientist, Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
WHOI is the largest private non-profit oceanographic institution in the world.    

Written Testimony given of
Christopher M. Reddy, Ph.D.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution     

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE
2123 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING.    

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
86 Water Street
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1052
(508) 548-1400
information@whoi.edu    

Richard Charter
Senior Policy Advisor for Marine Programs

Richard Charter is a Senior Policy Advisor for Marine Programs for Defenders of Wildlife, working on offshore drilling issues with local and state elected officials and the conservation community for over thirty years, and is also engaged in restoring coastal ecosystems.  In addition, Richard presently serves as the Chair of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council.

Contact Information
Email: waterway@monitor.net

“In the town of Grand Bayou, Lousiana, the main thoroughfare is the water.
There are no streets, no cars. Everyone gets around by boat.
Just recovered from Hurricane Katrina, the oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon well now threatens this community.”

“In the town of Grand Bayou, Lousiana, the main thoroughfare is the water.
There are no streets, no cars. Everyone gets around by boat.
Just recovered from Hurricane Katrina, the oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon well now threatens this community.”

Coast Guard Admiral Thad Allen  spoke to reporters at the Department of Homeland Security HQ to provide an update on ongoing response efforts to the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Washington, DC : 25 min.

Watch Video Here > http://www.c-span.org/Watch/Media/2010/06/11/HP/A/34098/Coast+Guard+Admiral+Thad+Allen+Briefing+on+Gulf+Oil+Spill.aspx

The U.S. Surgeon General concluded back in 2006 that nearly 50,000 Americans die each year from secondhand smoke exposure. The findings of this new IOM report are significant, because they confirm that secondhand smoke exposure is a significant cause of acute coronary events, including heart attacks, and that there is no safe level of exposure. 

The report also concluded that relatively brief exposure to secondhand smoke can cause acute coronary events. It has already been shown that secondhand smoke also causes other serious diseases, including lung cancer.

This growing mountain of evidence makes it clear that secondhand smoke kills, and to protect the public health, smoking should be prohibited in all public areas and workplaces. The Lung Association’s Smokefree Air Challenge is dedicated to making this happen. 

To date, half of all states, along with the District of Columbia, have met our Smokefree Air Challenge by implementing comprehensive smokefree laws.  These laws protect all workers from toxic secondhand smoke in the workplace, and also protect customers from smoke in bars and restaurants, giving people with asthma and other lung diseases the freedom to dine and socialize wherever they choose.

Now with even more evidence of the dangers of secondhand smoke from this new report, it is time for the remaining 25 states to protect their citizens by meeting our Smokefree Air Challenge and joining the American Lung Association in our fight to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease.

To learn more about the American Lung Association’s Smokefree Air Challenge, please visit www.lungusa.org/smokefree.

Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.  Secondhand smoke contains hundreds of chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.

Secondhand smoke causes about 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers in the United States each year, including approximately 3,400 from lung cancer and up to 69,600 from heart disease.

Secondhand smoke is esecially harmful to young children.  Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age.

In the United States, 25 million, or 35 percent of, children live in homes where residents or visitors smoke in the home on a regular basis.  Approximately 50-75 percent of children in the United States have detectable levels of cotinine, the breakdown product of nicotine in their blood.

Reference:
American Lung Association (2009) Confirmed – secondhand smoke causes heart attacks.  Retrieved November 1, 2009 from http://www.lungusa.org/about-us/our-impact/top-stories/secondhand-smoke-heart-attacks.html

Lung disease is the number three killer in America, responsible for one in six deaths. Lung disease and other breathing problems constitute one of the leading causes of death in babies younger than one year old. Today, more than 35 million Americans are living with chronic lung disease such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) otherwise known as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This section includes information on lung cancer, tuberculosis, COPD, influenza, pneumonia, sarcoidosis, and HIV/AIDS-related lung disease among others.

More detailed information on the most common lung diseases and risk factors are located in the Research/ Data and Statistics section under trend reports and lung disease publications.

View all research projects currently funded by the American Lung Association

Reference:
American Lung Association (2009). Lung diseases a to z. Retrieved October 18, 2009 from http://www.lungusa.org/site/c.dvLUK9O0E/b.4294231/k.7AE3/Lung_Diseases_A_to_Z.htm

 
Secondhand smoke, also know as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled by nonsmokers, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished and can cause or exacerbate a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory infections, and asthma.1

•The current Surgeon General’s Report concluded that scientific evidence indicates that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart rate variability, potentially increasing the risk of heart attack.2

•Secondhand smoke has been classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of cancer in humans (Group A carcinogen).3

•Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke. Secondhand smoke contains hundreds of chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic ammonia and hydrogen cyanide.4

•Secondhand smoke causes almost 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers in the United States each year, including approximately 3,400 from lung cancer and 22,700-69,600 from heart disease.5

•Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at work are at increased risk for adverse health effects. Levels of secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars were found to be 2 to 5 times higher than in residences with smokers and 2 to 6 times higher than in office workplaces.6

•Workplace productivity was increased and absenteeism was decreased among former smokers compared with current smokers.7

•Twenty-three states – Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, Utah, and Vermont – as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have passed laws prohibiting smoking in almost all public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars.8

•Secondhand smoke is especially harmful to young children. Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year, and causes 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths in the United States annually.9

•Secondhand smoke exposure may cause buildup of fluid in the middle ear, resulting in 790,000 physician office visits per year.10 Secondhand smoke can also aggravate symptoms in 400,000 to 1,000,000 children with asthma.11

•In the United States, 21 million, or 35 percent of, children live in homes where residents or visitors smoke in the home on a regular basis.12 Approximately 50-75 percent of children in the United States have detectable levels of cotinine, the breakdown product of nicotine in the blood.13

•Research indicates that private research conducted by cigarette company Philip Morris in the 1980s showed that secondhand smoke was highly toxic, yet the company suppressed the finding during the next two decades.14
For more information on secondhand smoke, please review the Tobacco Morbidity and Mortality Trend Report as well as our Lung Disease Data publication in the Data and Statistics section of our website at www.lungusa.org, or call the American Lung Association at 1-800-LUNG-USA (1-800-586-4872).

——————————————————————————–
 
Sources:

1. California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006. 6 Major Conclusions of the Surgeon General Report. Available at the Surgeon General’s website. Accessed on January 8, 2009.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogens, Tenth Edition 2002. National Toxicology Program.
7. Halpern, M.T.; Shikiar, R.; Rentz, A.M.; Khan, Z.M. Impact of Smoking Status on Workplace Absenteeism and Productivity. Tobacco Control 2001; 10:233-8.
8. American Lung Association. State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues (SLATI). December 11, 2008. Available at http://slati.lungusa.org/StateLegislateAction.asp Accessed on January 8, 2009.
9. California Environmental Protection Agency. Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Executive Summary. June 2005.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Schuster, MA, Franke T, Pham CB. Smoking Patterns of Household Members and Visitors in Homes with Children in United States. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. November 2002; 156(11):1094-100.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America’s Children and the Environment: Measures of Contaminants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses. Second Edition. February 2003
14. Diethelm PA, Rielle JC, McKee M. The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth? The Research Philip Morris Did Not Want You to See. Lancet. July 2005; 364(9446):86-92.